It is not difficult to find periodic tables of the chemical elements. What is provided here, however, is a table with information drawn from different sources that may not always be found together (though there is the massive Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by Robert C. Weast and Melvin J. Astle, of which I have the 62nd edition, 1981-1982, CRC Press, Inc. -- and now the 88th Edition, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2007-2008, Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide, Ph.D.). Thus, atomic isotopes, half-lives, and decay modes are largely taken from Subatomic Physics, by Hans Frauenfelder and Ernest M. Henley (Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1974). Cosmic abundance of elements is taken from the Realm of the Universe, by George O. Abell (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. 1976 -- Abell's catalogue of galaxy clusters has now enshrined his name to the far reaches of the universe). Some minerological information comes from An Introduction to Minerology for Geologists, by W.J. Phillips and N. Phillips (John Wiley & Sons, 1980), and the Manual of Minerology by Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr. and Cornelis Klein (John Wiley & Sons, 1977). Such an attempt at a comprehensive picture of the elements in nuclear, chemical, and minerological forms I have also found in a couple of laminated, single-sheet periodic tables published for students, the "Chemical Periodic Table," edited by C. Bello (Papertech Marketing Group, Inc., 1988), and especially the "Table of Periodic Properties of the Elements," by the Sargent-Welsh Scientific Company (1980), from which some information here is derived -- now especially the neutral atomic radii. In some respects those single-sheet tables are more comprehensive than the following.
In 2003 I updated some of the data here from Nature's Building Blocks, An A-Z Guide to the Elements by John Emsley [Oxford, 2001]. Emsley, unfortunately, doesn't exhaustively give things like isotopes and decay modes. I don't know why one would want to publish a book on the elements without such things. A nice new treatment of the elements, with a wealth of information, unfortunately often in a cryptic graphic form, is The Elements, A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe, by Theodore Gray (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc., New York, 2009).
Many of the sources above may seem somewhat out of date, but they reflect the period when I was studying these matters, and when I was especially intrigued to supplement a chemical view of the elements with a picture of the variety of nuclear isotopes. This table is not intended, therefore, as a resource for chemistry, physics, or minerology students. It is a resource for philosophy of science, illustrating basic ideas and information, where the most up to date data and the provision of all chemically useful information is not necessary: Data for reflection and theory, not for application and experiment.
A few atoms of every element up to 118 have now been observed, but the highest ones exist too briefly for much information to be gleaned about them -- so far. Physicists still hope for an "island of stablity," were more long lived atoms will be found. Originally it was thought that might occur around 114; but the actual 114 has disappointed. Now hopes rest on 120 or 122.
| IA Alkali Metals | Li 3 | Na 11 | K 19 | Rb 37 | Cs 55 | Fr 87 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IIA Alkali Earths | Be 4 | Mg 12 | Ca 20 | Sr 38 | Ba 56 | Ra 88 | ||||
| Rare Earths | ||||||||||
| Transition Metals | IIIB | Sc 21 | Y 39 | Lu 71 | Lr 103 | La 57 | Ac 89 | |||
| IVB | Ti 22 | Zr 40 | Hf 72 | Rf 104 | Ce 58 | Th 90 | ||||
| VB | V 23 | Nb 41 | Ta 73 | Db 105 | Pr 59 | Pa 91 | ||||
| VIB | Cr 24 | Mo 42 | W 74 | Sg 106 | Nd 60 | U 92 | ||||
| VIIB | Mn 25 | Tc 43 | Re 75 | Bh 107 | Pm 61 | Np 93 | ||||
| VIIIB | Fe 26 | Ru 44 | Os 76 | Hs 108 | Sm 62 | Pu 94 | ||||
| Co 27 | Rh 45 | Ir 77 | Mt 109 | Eu 63 | Am 95 | |||||
| Ni 28 | Pd 46 | Pt 78 | Ds 110 | Gd 64 | Cm 96 | |||||
| IB | Cu 29 | Ag 47 | Au 79 | Rg 111 | Tb 65 | Bk 97 | ||||
| IIB | Zn 30 | Cd 48 | Hg 80 | Uub 112 | Dy 66 | Cf 98 | ||||
| IIIA Boron Family | B 5 | Al 13 | Ga 31 | In 49 | Tl 81 | Uut 113 | Ho 67 | Es 99 | ||
| IVA Carbon Family | C 6 | Si 14 | Ge 32 | Sn 50 | Pb 82 | Uuq 114 | Er 68 | Fm 100 | ||
| VA Nitrogen Family | N 7 | P 15 | As 33 | Sb 51 | Bi 83 | Uup 115 | Tm 69 | Md 101 | ||
| VIA Oxygen Family | O 8 | S 16 | Se 34 | Te 52 | Po 84 | Uuh 116 | Yb 70 | No 102 | ||
| VIIA Halogens | H 1 | F 9 | Cl 17 | Br 35 | I 53 | At 85 | Uus 117 | |||
| VIIIA Inert Gases | He 2 | Ne 10 | Ar 18 | Kr 36 | Xe 54 | Rn 86 | Uuo 118 | |||
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms (  )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
| Z=0: n neutron {0} n=c.10-5 [*] B=1 1/2+ T=15.3m  |
|
Z=1: H Hydrogen 1.008g -259.34/-252.88 {1} 2.20/hcp H=0.79 H+=c.10-5 [1x1012] A=1 1/2+ 99.985% Deuterium A=2 1+ 0.015% Tritium B=3 1/2+ T=12.33y (1766) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
Z=3: Li Lithium 6.941g 180.6/1342 {2 1} 0.98/bcc Li=2.05 Li+=0.68 [<3] A=6 1+ 7.5% A=7 3/2- 92.5% (1817) |
11: Na Sodium 22.989768g 97.8/883 {2 8 1} 0.93/bcc Na=2.23 Na+=0.97 [1.9x106] B=22 T=2.602y  ECA=23 3/2+ 100% B=24 T=15.02h (1807) |
19: K Potassium 39.0983g 63.71/759 {2 8 8 1} 0.82/bcc K=2.77 K+=1.33 [120x103] A=31 1/2+ 100% B=40 /EC T=1.28Gy B=42 T=12.36h (1807) |
37: Rb Rubidium 85.4678g 39.48/688 {2 8 18 8 1} 0.82/bcc Rb=2.98 Rb+=1.47 [410] A=85 5/2- 72.17% B=86 T=18.7d A=87 3/2- 27.83% T=50Gy (1861) |
55: Cs Cesium 132.90543g 28.39/671 {2 8 18 18 8 1} 0.79/bcc Cs=3.34 Cs+=1.67 [16] A=133 7/2+ 100% B=134 T=2.06y B=135 7/2+ T=2.8My B=137 T=30.17y (1860) |
87: Fr Francium (233.0197) 27/677 {2 8 18 32 18 8 1} 0.7/bcc Fr+=1.80 B=212 T=19.3m EC  B=222 T=15m A=223 3/2+ T=22m (1939) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
4: Be Berylium 9.012182g 1289/2472 {2 2} 1.57/hcp Be=1.40 Be+2=0.35 [12] B=7 T=53.3d EC A=9 3/2- 100% B=10 0+ T=2.7My (1798) |
12: Mg Magnesium 24.3050g 648.8/1089.8 {2 8 2} 1.31/hcp Mg=1.72 Mg+2=0.66 [32x106] A=24 0+ 78.99% A=25 5/2+ 10% A=26 0+ 11.01% B=28 T=20.9h (1775) |
20: Ca Calcium 40.078g 842/1494 {2 8 8 2} 1.00/fcc Ca=2.23 Ca+2=0.99 [2.5x106] A=40 0+ 96.94% B=41 7/2- T=80ky A=42 0+ 0.65% A=43 7/2- 0.14% A=44 0+ 2.08% B=45 T=165d A=46 0+ 0.003% A=48 0+ 0.19% (1808) |
38: Sr Strontium 87.62g 769/1382 {2 8 18 8 2} 0.95/fcc Sr=2.45 Sr+2=1.12 [760] A=84 0+ 0.56% A=86 0+ 9.9% A=87 9/2+ 7% A=88 0+ 82.6% B=90 0+ T=28.9y (1790) |
56: Ba Barium 137.327g 729/1805 {2 8 18 18 8 2} 0.89/bcc Ba=2.78 Ba+2=1.34 [130] A=130 0+ 0.1% A=132 0+ 0.095% A=134 0+ 2.4% A=135 3/2+ 6.5% A=136 0+ 7.8% A=137 3/2+ 11.2% A=138 0+ 71.9% B=140 T=12.8d (1808) |
88: Ra Radium 226.0254g 700/1536 {2 8 18 32 18 8 2} 0.9/bcc Ra+2=1.43 A=226 0+ T=1600y B=228 0+ T=5.75y (1898) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
21: Sc Scandium 44.9559g 1541/2831 {2 8 9 2} 1.36/hcp Sc=2.09 Sc+3=0.81 [1.1x103] A=45 7/2- 100% B=46 T=83.8d (1879) |
39: Y Yttrium 88.9059g 1522/3338 {2 8 18 9 2} 1.22/hcp Y=2.27 Y+3=0.92 [210] B=88 T=106.6d ECA=89 1/2- 100% (1794) |
71: Lu Lutetium 174.97g 1663/3395 {2 8 18 32 9 2} 1.27/hcp Lu=2.25 Lu+3=0.85 [7] A=175 7/2+ 97.4% A=176 7- 2.6% T=37Gy (1907) |
103: Lr Lawrencium (260.105) (1627)/-- {2 8 18 32 32 9 2} B=256 T=35s B=260 T=3m (1961) |
|
22: Ti Titanium 47.90g 1670/3289 {2 8 10 2} 1.54/hcp Ti=2.00 Ti+3=0.76 Ti+4=0.68 [56x103] A=46 0+ 8% A=47 5/2- 7.5% A=48 0+ 73.7% A=49 7/2- 5.5% A=50 0+ 5.3% (1791) |
40: Zr Zirconium 91.22g 1855/4409 {2 8 18 10 2} 1.33/hcp Zr=2.16 Zr+4=0.79 [600] A=90 0+ 51.4% A=91 5/2+ 11.2% A=92 0+ 17.1% B=93 5/2+ T=950ky A=94 0+ 17.5% B=95 T=64d A=96 0+ 2.8% (1789) |
72: Hf Hafnium 178.49g 2231/4603 {2 8 18 32 10 2} 1.3/hcp Hf=2.16 Hf+4=0.78 [8] A=174 0+ 0.18% T=2Py A=176 0+ 5.2% A=177 7/2- 18.5% A=178 0+ 27.2% A=179 9/2+ 13.8% A=180 0+ 35.1% B=182 0+ T=9My (1923) |
104: Rf Rutherfordium (261.11) {2 8 18 32 32 10 2} B=257 T=4.5s B=261 T=65s |
|
23: V Vanadium 50.9414g 1910/3409 {2 8 11 2} 1.63/bcc V=1.92 V+2=0.88 V+3=0.74 V+4=0.63 V+5=0.59 [10x103] A=50 6+ 0.25% T=40Py A=51 7/2- 99.75% (1830) |
41: Nb Niobium 92.9064g 2469/4744 {2 8 18 12 1} 1.6/bcc Nb=2.08 Nb+4=0.74 Nb+5=0.69 [200] B=91 9/2+ T=LONG B=92 7+ T=20My A=93 9/2+ 100% B=94 6+ T=20ky B=95 T=35.15d (1801) |
73: Ta Tantalum 180.9479g 3020/5458 {2 8 18 32 11 2} 1.5/bcc Ta=2.09 Ta+5=0.68 [1] A=180 8+ 0.012% A=181 7/2+ 99.988% B=182 T=115d (1802) |
105: Db Dubnium (262.114) {2 8 18 32 32 11 2} B=262 T=40s |
|
24: Cr Chromium 51.996g 1863/2672 {2 8 13 1} 1.66/bcc Cr=1.85 Cr+3=0.63 Cr+6=0.52 [690x103] A=50 0+ 4.35% B=51 T=27.7d EC A=52 0+ 83.79% A=53 3/2- 9.5% A=54 0+ 2.36% (1797) |
42: Mo Molybdenum 95.94g 2623/4639 {2 8 18 13 1} 2.16/bcc Mo=2.01 Mo+4=0.70 Mo+6=0.62 [150] A=92 0+ 14.8% B=93 5/2+ T=3ky A=94 0+ 9.1% A=95 5/2+ 15.9% A=96 0+ 16.7% A=97 5/2+ 9.5% A=98 0+ 24.4% B=99 T=66.02h A=100 0+ 9.6% (1778) |
74: W Tungsten 183.85g 3422/5730 {2 8 18 32 12 2} 2.36/bcc W=2.02 W+4=0.70 W+6=0.62 [300] A=180 0+ 0.13% B=181 T=140d EC A=182 0+ 26.3% A=183 1/2- 14.3% A=184 0+ 30.7% B=185 T=75.1d A=186 0+ 28.6% B=188 T=69d (1783) |
106: Sg Seaborgium (263.118) {2 8 18 32 32 12 2} B=263 T=0.9s B=266 T=21s |
|
25: Mn Manganese 54.9380g 1246/2062 {2 8 13 2} 1.55/cub Mn=1.79 Mn+2=0.80 Mn+3=0.66 Mn+4=0.60 Mn+7=0.46 [260x103] A=53 7/2- T=11My EC A=54 T=313d EC A=55 5/2- 100% B=56 T=2.58h (1774) |
43: Tc Technetium 98.9062g 2204/4265 {2 8 18 14 1} 1.9/hcp Tc=1.95 Tc+7=0.56 A=97 9/2+ T=2.6My EC B=98 7 6+ T=1.5My B=99 9/2+ T=210ky (1937) |
75: Re Rhenium 186.2g 3186/5596 {2 8 18 32 13 2} 1.9/hcp Re=1.97 Re+4=0.72 Re+7=0.56 [2] A=185 5/2+ 37.5% A=187 5/2+ 62.5% T=50Gy (1925) |
107: Bh Bohrium (262.12) {2 8 18 32 32 13 2} B=267 T=17s |
|
26: Fe Iron 55.847g 1538/2862 {2 8 14 2} 1.83/bcc Fe=1.72 Fe+2=0.74 Fe+3=0.64 [25x106] A=54 0+ 5.8% A=56 0+ 91.7% A=57 1/2- 2.14% A=58 0+ 0.31% B=59 T=44.6d A=60 0+ T=100ky (ancient) |
44: Ru Ruthenium 101.07g 2334/4150 {2 8 18 15 1} 2.2/hcp Ru=1.89 Ru+4=0.67 [66] A=96 0+ 5.5% A=98 0+ 1.9% A=99 5/2+ 12.7% A=100 0+ 12.6% A=101 5/2+ 17.1% A=102 0+ 31.6% A=104 0+ 18.6% B=106 T=367d (1844) |
76: Os Osmium 190.2g 3033/5012 {2 8 18 32 14 2} 2.2/hcp Os=1.92 Os+6=0.69 [6] A=184 0+ 0.02% A=186 0+ 1.6% A=187 1/2- 1.6% A=188 0+ 13.3% A=189 3/2- 16.1% A=190 0+ 26.4% A=192 0+ 41.0% B=194 T=6y (1804) |
108 Hs Hassium {2 8 18 32 32 14 2} B=273 T=20s |
|
27: Co Cobalt 58.9332g 1495/2928 {2 8 15 2} 1.88/fcc Co=1.67 Co+2=0.72 Co+3=0.63 [32x103] B=56 T=78.8d ECB=57 T=270d EC B=58 T=71.3d ECA=59 7/2- 100% A=60 T=5.27y (1735) |
45: Rh Rhodium 102.9055g 1963/3697 {2 8 18 16 1} 2.28/fcc Rh=1.83 Rh+3=0.68 [26] B=101 T=3.3y EC A=103 1/2- 100% (1803) |
77: Ir Iridium 192.2g 2447/4428 {2 8 18 32 15 2} 2.20/fcc Ir=1.87 Ir+4=0.68 [160] A=191 3/2+ 37.4% B=192 T=74.2d EC A=193 3/2+ 62.6% (1804) |
109 Mt Meitnerium {2 8 18 32 32 15 2} B=268 T=0.07s |
|
28: Ni Nickel 58.71g 1455/2914 {2 8 16 2} 1.91/fcc Ni=1.62 Ni+2=0.69 [2.1x106] B=57 T=36h ECA=58 0+ 68% B=59 3/2- T=80ky EC A=60 0+ 26.1% A=61 3/2- 1.1% A=62 0+ 3.6% B=63 T=92y A=64 0+ 0.9% (1751) |
46: Pd Palladium 106.4g 1555/2964 {2 8 18 18} 2.20/fcc Pd=1.79 Pd+2=0.80 Pd+4=0.65 [20] A=102 0+ 1% B=103 T=17d EC A=104 0+ 11% A=105 5/2+ 22.2% A=106 0+ 27.3% B=107 5/2+ T=6.5My A=108 0+ 26.7% A=110 0+ 11.8% (1803) |
78: Pt Platinum 195.09g 1769.0/3827 {2 8 18 32 16 2} 2.28/fcc Pt=1.83 Pt+2=0.80 Pt+4=0.65 [100] A=190 0+ 0.013% T=700Gy A=192 0+ 0.78% A=194 0+ 32.9% A=195 1/2- 33.8% A=196 0+ 25.3% A=198 0+ 7.2% (16 cent.) |
110: Ds Darmstadtium A=281 T=1.6m |
|
29: Cu Copper 63.546g 1085/2563 {2 8 18 1} 1.90/fcc Cu=1.57 Cu+=0.96 Cu+2=0.72 [11x103] A=63 3/2- 69.1% B=64 / EC T=12.7h A=65 3/2- 30.9% B=67 T=61.88h (ancient) |
47: Ag Silver 107.868g 961.93/2163 {2 8 18 18 1} 1.93/fcc Ag=1.75 Ag+=1.26 Ag+2=0.89 [7] A=107 1/2- 51.83% B=108 T=127y EC A=109 1/2- 48.17% B=110 T=252d B=111 T=7.45d (ancient) |
79: Au Gold 196.9665g 1064.43/2857 {2 8 18 32 18 1} 2.54/fcc Au=1.79 Au+=1.37 Au+3=0.85 [5] B=195 T=183d EC B=196 T=6.18d EC A=197 3/2+ 100% B=198 T=2.696d B=199 T=3.15d (ancient) |
111: Rg Roentgenium B=272 T=1.5ms |
|
30: Zn Zinc 63.37g 419.58/907 {2 8 18 2} 1.65/hcp Zn=1.53 Zn+2=0.74 [28x103] A=64 0+ 48.9% B=65 T=244.1d ECA=66 0+ 27.8% A=67 5/2- 4.1% A=68 0+ 18.6% A=70 0+ 0.62% (16th cent) |
48: Cd Cadmium 112.40g 321.108/767 {2 8 18 18 2} 1.69/hcp Cd=1.71 Cd+2=0.97 [72] A=106 0+ 1.2% A=108 0+ 0.9% B=109 T=453d EC A=110 0+ 12.4% A=111 1/2+ 12.8% A=112 0+ 24.0% A=113 1/2+ 12.3% A=114 0+ 28.8% A=116 0+ 7.6% (1817) |
80: Hg Mercury 200.59g -38.836/356.66 {2 8 18 32 18 2} 2.00/rhm Hg=1.76 Hg+2=1.10 [<100] A=196 0+ 0.15% A=198 0+ 10.1% A=199 1/2- 16.9% A=200 0+ 23.1% A=201 3/2- 13.2% A=202 0+ 29.7% B=203 T=46.8d A=204 0+ 6.8% (ancient) |
112: Uub Ununbium A=285 T=0.28ms |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
5: B Boron 10.81g 2092/4002 {2 3} 2.04/tet B=1.17 B+=0.23 [<160] A=10 3+ 19.8% A=11 3/2- 80.2% (1808) |
13: Al Aluminum 26.981 660.452/2520 {2 8 3} 1.61/fcc Al=1.82 Al+3=0.51 [3.3x106] B=26 5+ /EC T=740ky A=27 5/2+ 100% (1827) |
31: Ga Gallium 69.72g 29.7741/2205 {2 8 18 3} 1.81/orh Ga=1.81 Ga+2=0.62 [630] A=67 T=78.2h EC A=69 3/2- 60.2% A=71 3/2- 40% B=72 T=14.1h (1875) |
49: In Indium 114.82g 156.634/2073 {2 8 18 18 3} 1.78/tet In=2.00 In+3=0.81 [40] A=113 9/2+ 4.3% B=114 T=49.51d IT A=115 9/2+ 95.7% T=500Ty (1863) |
81: Tl Thallium 204.37g 304/1473 {2 8 18 32 18 3} 2.04/hcp Tl=2.08 Tl+=1.47 Tl+3=0.95 [8] A=203 1/2+ 29.5% B=204 T=3.77y A=205 1/2+ 70.5% (1861) |
113: Uut Ununtrium detected summer of 2003 (2003) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
6: C Carbon 12.011g 3826/3827 {2 4} 2.55/hex C=0.91 C+4=0.16 [420x106] B=11 T=20.4m A=12 0+ 98.892% A=13 1/2- 1.108% B=14 0+ T=5692y (ancient) |
14: Si Silicon 28.0855g 1414/3267 {2 8 4} 1.90/fcc Si-4=1.98 Si=1.46 Si+4=0.39 [40x106] A=28 0+ 92.2% A=29 1/2+ 4.7% A=30 0+ 3.1% (1823) |
32: Ge Germanium 72.59g 938.3/2834 {2 8 18 4} 2.01/fcc Ge=1.52 Ge+2=0.73 Ge+4=0.53 [3.2x103] B=68 T=275d EC A=70 0+ 20.7% A=72 0+ 27.5% A=73 9/2+ 7.7% A=74 0+ 36.4% A=76 0+ 7.7% (1886) |
50: Sn Tin 118.69g 231.9681/2603 {2 8 18 18 4} 1.96/fcc Sn-4=2.15 Sn=1.72 Sn+2=0.93 Sn+4=0.71 [25] A=112 0+ 1.0% A=114 0+ 0.66% A=115 1/2+ 0.35% A=116 0+ 14.4% A=117 1/2+ 7.6% A=118 0+ 24.1% A=119 1/2+ 8.6% A=120 0+ 32.8% B=121 T=76y A=122 0+ 4.7% A=124 0+ 5.8% B=126 0+ T=100ky (ancient) |
82: Pb Lead 207.2g 327.502/1750 {2 8 18 32 18 4} 2.33/fcc Pb=1.81 Pb+2=1.20 Pb+4=0.84 [71] B=202 0+ T=300ky EC A=204 0+ 1.4% T=140Py B=205 5/2- T=14My EC A=206 0+ 24.1% A=207 1/2- 22.1% A=208 0+ 52.4% A=210 0+ 22.3% T=22.3y (ancient) |
114: Uuq Ununquadium B=289 T=30.4s |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
7: N Nitrogen 14.0067g -210.0042/-195.80 {2 5} 3.04/hex N=0.75 N+3=0.16 N+5=0.13 [87x106] A=14 1+ 99.64% A=15 1/2- 0.36% (1772) |
15: P Phosphorus 30.9738g 44.14/277 {2 8 5} 2.19/cub P=1.23 P+3=0.44 P+5=0.35 [390x103] A=31 1/2+ 100% B=32 T=14.26d (1669) |
33: As Arsenic 74.9216g 603/603 {2 8 18 5} 2.18/rhm As=1.33 As+3=0.58 As+5=0.46 [260] B=73 T=80.3d EC B=74 T=17.9d ECA=75 3/2- 100% (c.1250) |
51: Sb Antimony 121.75g 630.755/1587 {2 8 18 18 5} 2.05/rhm Sb=1.53 Sb+3=0.76 Sb+5=0.62 [8] A=121 5/2+ 57.3% A=123 7/2+ 42.7% B=124 T=60.2d B=125 T=2.7y (c.1450) |
83: Bi Bismuth 208.9806g 271.422/1564 {2 8 18 32 18 5} 2.02/rhm Bi=1.63 Bi+3=0.96 Bi+5=0.74 [<80] B=207 T=38y EC B=208 5+ T=368ky EC A=209 9/2- 100% B=210 T=3My/5d (c.1450) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
8: O Oxygen 15.9994g -218.789/ -182.97 {2 6} 3.44/mon O-2=1.40 O=0.65 O+6=0.10 [690x106] A=16 0+ 99.756% A=17 5/2+ 0.039% A=18 0+ 0.205% (1774) |
16: S Sulfur 32.06g 115.22/444.60 {2 8 6} 2.58/orh S-2=1.74 S=1.09 S+4=0.37 S+6=0.30 [16x106] A=32 0+ 95.0% A=33 3/2+ 0.75% A=34 0+ 4.2% B=35 T=87.2d A=36 0+ 0.015% (ancient) |
34: Se Selenium 78.96g 221/685 {2 8 18 6} 2.55/hex Se-2=1.93 Se=1.22 Se+4=0.50 Se+6=0.42 [2.7x103] A=74 0+ 0.9% B=75 T=118.5d A=76 0+ 9.0% A=77 1/2- 7.5% A=78 0+ 23.5% B=79 7/2+ T=65ky A=80 0+ 50% A=82 0+ 9.0% (1817) |
52: Te Tellurium 127.60g 449.57/988 {2 8 18 18 6} 2.1/hcp Te-2=2.11 Te=1.42 Te+4=0.70 Te+6=0.56 [260] A=120 0+ 0.09% B=121 T=154d IT A=122 0+ 2.4% A=123 1/2+ 0.87% T=12Ty IT A=124 0+ 4.6% A=125 1/2+ 7.0% A=126 0+ 18.7% B=127 T=109d IT A=128 0+ 31.8% A=130 0+ 34.5% (1782) |
84: Po Polonium (208.9824) 254/962 {2 8 18 32 18 6} 2.0/cub Po=1.53 Po+6=0.67 B=208 T=2.9y B=209 1/2- T=102y B=210 138.38d (1898) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
1: H Hydrogen 1.008g -259.34/ -252.88 {1} 2.20/hcp H=0.79 H+=c.10-5 [1x1012] A=1 1/2+ 99.985% Deuterium A=2 1+ 0.015% Tritium B=3 1/2+ T=12.33y (1766) |
9: F Fluorine 18.9984g -219.67/ -188.20 {2 7} 3.98/mon F-=1.33 F=0.57 F+7=0.08 [36x103] B=18 T=109.8m A=19 1/2+ 100% (1771) |
17: Cl Chlorine 35.453g -100.97/-34.05 {2 8 7} 3.16/tet Cl-=1.81 Cl=0.97 Cl+5=0.34 Cl+7=0.27 [220x103] A=35 3/2+ 75.77% B=36 2+ T=300ky A=37 3/2+ 24.23% B=38 T=37.2m (1774) |
35: Br Bromine 79.904g -7.25/59.10 {2 8 18 7} 2.96/orh Br-=1.96 Br=1.12 Br+5=0.47 Br+7=0.39 [540] A=79 3/2- 50.69% A=81 3/2- 49.31% B=82 T=35.3h (1826) |
53: I Iodine 126.9045g 113.6/185.25 {2 8 18 18 7} 2.66/orh I-=2.20 I=1.32 I+5=0.62 I+7=0.50 [44] A=127 5/2+ 100% B=129 7/2+ T=16My B=131 T=8.04d (1811) |
85: At Astatine (209.9871) 302/337 {2 8 18 32 18 7} 2.2/-- At=1.43 At+7=0.62 B=209 T=5.4h EC B=210 5+ T=8.1h EC B=211 T=7.21h EC (1940) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
2: He Helium 4.00260g -272.38/ -268.93 {2} --/hcp He=0.49 [80x109] A=3 1/2+ 10-4% A=4 0+ 100% (1868) |
10: Ne Neon 20.179g -248.59/ -246.05 {2 8} --/fcc Ne=0.51 [37x106] A=20 0+ 90.5% A=21 3/2+ 0.27% A=22 0+ 9.2% (1898) |
18: Ar Argon 39.948g -189.35/-185.9 {2 8 8} --/fcc Ar=0.88 [1.0x106] A=36 0+ 0.34% B=37 T=35.02d EC A=38 0+ 0.07% B=39 T=265y A=40 0+ 99.59% (1894) |
36: Kr Krypton 83.80g -157.4/-153 {2 8 18 8} --/fcc Kr=1.03 [1.9x103] A=78 0+ 0.35% A=80 0+ 2.25% B=81 7/2+ T=210ky EC A=82 0+ 11.6% A=83 9/2+ 11.5% A=84 0+ 57.0% B=85 T=10.7y A=86 0+ 17.3% (1898) |
54: Xe Xenon 131.30g -111.8/-108.1 {2 8 18 18 8} --/fcc Xe=1.24 [214] A=124 0+ 0.10% A=126 0+ 0.09% A=128 0+ 1.9% A=129 1/2+ 26.4% A=130 0+ 3.9% A=131 3/2+ 21.2% A=132 0+ 27% B=133 T=5.25d A=134 0+ 10.5% B=135 T=9.1h A=136 0+ 8.9% (1898) |
86: Rn Radon (222.0176) -71/-62 {2 8 18 32 18 8} --/fcc Rn=1.34 A=222 0+ T=3.824d (1900) |
| Standard Entry: |
|---|
| Z=atomic number: symbol Name of Element atomic weight in grams/mole melting/boiling point, oC {electrons in shells} electronegativity/crystal structure Atoms & Ions=radius in Angstroms ( )[cosmic abundance/1012 Hydrogen atoms] A/B=mass number of isotope, spin & parity relative isotope abundance (%) T=half life decay mode (date of discovery) |
|
57: La Lanthanum 138.9055g 918/3457 {2 8 18 18 9 2} 1.10/hex La=2.74 La+3=1.14 [66] B=137 7/2+ T=60ky EC A=138 5- 0.09% T=110Gy A=139 7/2+ 99.91% B=140 T=40.3h (1839) |
89: Ac Actinium (227.0278) 1051/3200 {2 8 18 32 18 9 2} 1.1/fcc Ac+3=1.18 A=227 3/2- T=21.772y (1899) |
|
58: Ce Cerium 140.12g 798/3426 {2 8 18 20 8 2} 1.12/fcc Ce=2.70 Ce+3=1.07 Ce+4=0.94 [76] A=136 0+ 0.19% A=138 0+ 0.26% A=140 0+ 88.5% A=142 0+ 11.1% T=50Py B=144 T=284d (1803) |
90: Th Thorium 232.0381g 1755/4788 {2 8 18 32 18 10 2} 1.3/fcc Th=1.80 Th+4=1.02 [7] B=228 T=1.913y B=229 5/2+ T=7340y B=230 0+ T=77ky A=232 0+ 100% T=14.1Gy (1828) |
|
59: Pr Praseodymium 140.0977g 931/3512 {2 8 18 21 8 2} 1.13/hex Pr=2.67 Pr+3=1.06 Pr+4=0.92 [35] A=141 5/2+ 100% B=142 T=19.1h (1885) |
91: Pa Protactinium 231.0359g 1572/-- {2 8 18 32 20 9 2} 1.5/bct Pr+3=1.13 Pr+4=0.98 Pr+5=0.89 A=231 3/2 T=32.5ky (1917) |
|
60: Nd Neodymium 144.24g 1021/3068 {2 8 18 22 8 2} 1.14/hex Nd=2.64 Nd+3=1.04 [71] A=142 0+ 27.1% A=143 7/2- 12.2% A=144 0+ 23.9% T=2.1Py A=145 7/2- 8.3% A=146 0+ 17.2% B=147 T=11.1d A=148 0+ 5.7% A=150 0+ 5.6% (1885) |
92: U Uranium 238.0508g 1132.3/3818 {2 8 18 32 21 9 2} 1.38/bcc U=1.38 U+4=0.97 U+6=0.80 [<4] B=232 0+ T=72y B=233 5/2+ T=159ky A=234 0+ 0.0055% T=244ky A=235 7/2- 0.72% T=710My B=236 0+ T=24My A=238 0+ 99.28% T=4.49Gy (1789) |
|
61: Pm Promethium (144.9127) 1042/3512 {2 8 18 23 8 2} 1.13/dcp Pm=2.62 B=145 5/2+ T=17.7y EC B=147 7/2+ T=2.623y (1947) |
93: Np Neptunium (237.0482) 639/-- {2 8 18 32 22 9 2} 1.36/orh Np+3=1.10 Np+4=0.95 Np+7=0.71 B=236 6- T=5000y EC B=237 5/2+ T=2.14My B=239 T=2.346d (1940) |
|
62: Sm Samarium 150.36g 1074/1791 {2 8 18 24 8 2} 1.17/rhm Sm=2.59 Sm+3=1.00 [63] A=144 0+ 3.1% B=146 0+ T=100My A=147 7/2- 15.0% T=110Gy A=148 0+ 11.2% T=8Py A=149 7/2- 13.8% T=10Py A=150 0+ 7.4% B=151 T=93y A=152 0+ 26.7% A=154 0+ 22.8% (1879) |
94: Pu Plutonium (244.0642) 640/3230 {2 8 18 32 24 8 2} 1.28/mcl Pu+3=1.08 Pu+4=0.93 B=238 0+ T=87.75y A=239 1/2+ T=24390y B=240 0+ T=6540y B=242 0+ T=387ky B=244 0+ T=83My (1940) |
|
63: Eu Europium 151.96g 822/1597 {2 8 18 25 8 2} 1.2/bcc Eu=2.56 Eu+3=0.98 [5] A=151 5/2+ 47.8% B=152 T=13y EC A=153 5/2+ 52.2% B=154 T=8.5y (1896) |
95: Am Americium (243.0614) 1176/2607 {2 8 18 32 25 8 2} 1.3/hcp Am+3=1.07 Am+4=0.92 B=241 5/2- T=433y B=243 5/2- T=7370y (1944) |
|
64: Gd Gadolinium 157.25g 1313/3266 {2 8 18 25 9 2} 1.20/hcp Gd=2.54 Gd+3=0.97 [13] B=150 0+ T=1.8My A=152 0+ 0.20% T=110Ty A=154 0+ 2.2% A=155 3/2- 14.9% A=156 0+ 20.6% A=157 3/2- 15.7% A=158 0+ 24.7% A=160 0+ 21.7% (1880) |
96: Cm Curium (247.0703) 1345/-- {2 8 18 32 25 9 2} 1.3/dcp B=242 T=163.2d B=244 T=18.12y B=245 7/2+ T=8700y B=246 0+ T=4650y B=247 9/2- T=15.4My B=248 0+ T=340ky SFB=250 0+ T=11ky (1944) |
|
65: Tb Terbium 158.9254g 1356/3223 {2 8 18 27 8 2} 1.2/hcp Tb=2.51 Tb+3=0.93 Tb+4=0.81 [2] B=158 T=1.2ky EC A=159 3/2+ 100% B=160 T=72.3d (1843) |
97: Bk Berkelium (247.0703 1050/-- {2 8 18 32 27 8 2} 1.3/dcp B=247 3/2- T=1400y B=248 8- T=9y (1949) |
|
66: Dy Dysprosium 162.50g 1412/2562 {2 8 18 28 8 2} 1.22/hcp Dy=2.49 Dy+3=0.92 [13] A=156 0+ 0.06% T=200Ty A=158 0+ 0.10% A=160 0+ 2.3% A=161 5/2+ 18.9% A=162 0+ 25.5% A=163 5/2- 24.9% A=164 0+ 28.2% (1886) |
98: Cf Californium (242.0587) 900/-- {2 8 18 32 28 8 2} 1.3/-- B=249 9/2- T=352y B=251 1/2+ T=900y (1950) |
|
67: Ho Holmium 164.9303g 1474/2695 {2 8 18 29 8 2} 1.23/hcp Ho=2.47 Ho+3=0.91 [3] A=165 7/2- 100% B=166 T=1.2ky (1879) |
99: Es Einsteinium (252.083) 860/-- {2 8 18 32 29 8 2} 1.3/-- B=252 T472d B=253 T=20.47d B=254 7+ T=276d (1952) |
|
68: Er Erbium 167.26g 1529/2863 {2 8 18 30 8 2} 1.24/hcp Er=2.45 Er+3=0.89 [7] A=162 0+ 0.14% A=164 0+ 1.6% A=166 0+ 33.4% A=167 7/2+ 22.9% A=168 0+ 27.0% A=170 0+ 15.0% (1843) |
100: Fm Fermium (257.0951) (1527)/-- {2 8 18 32 30 8 2} 1.3/-- B=253 1/2+ T=3.0d B=255 T=20.1h B=257 9/2+ T=82d (1953) |
|
69: Tm Thulium 168.9342g 1545/1947 {2 8 18 31 8 2} 1.25/hcp Tm=2.42 Tm+3=0.87 [4] A=169 1/2+ 100% B=170 T=128.6d B=171 T=1.92y (1879) |
101: Md Mendelevium (258.10) (827)/-- {2 8 18 32 31 8 2} 1.3/-- B=256 0- T=77m B=258 T=55d (1955) |
|
70: Yb Ytterbium 173.04g 819/1194 {2 8 18 32 8 2} 1.1/fcc Yb=2.40 Yb+3=0.86 [6] A=168 0+ 0.14% B=169 T=32d EC A=170 0+ 3.0% A=171 1/2- 14.3% A=172 0+ 21.9% A=173 5/2- 16.2% A=174 0+ 31.8% B=175 T=4.19d A=176 0+ 12.7% (1907) |
102: No Nobelium (259.1009) (827)/-- {2 8 18 32 32 8 2} 1.3/-- B=253 9/2- T=1.6m B=255 1/2+ T=3.2m B=259 T=58m (1958) |
Philosophy of Science, Physics
| Z is the number of protons, p, in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Electronegativity is the power of an atom to capture and hold electrons. High electronegativity, like Fluorine at 3.98, means great power to capture an electron. Low electronegativity, like Potassium at 0.82, reflects a tendency to give up an electron. If electronegativity is very large or very small, atoms will tend to form ions. A strongly ionic bond will form between two atoms with a large difference in electronegativity. If the difference in electronegativity between different atoms is small, covalent bonding will result. The degree of ionic bonding is indicated in the following table:
| difference in electronegativity | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| .5% | 1% | 2% | 4% | 6% | 9% | 12% | 15% | 19% | 22% | 26% | 30% | 34% | 39% |
| percentage ionic bond character | |||||||||||||
| difference in electronegativity | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
| 43% | 47% | 51% | 55% | 59% | 63% | 67% | 70% | 74% | 76% | 79% | 82% | 84% |
| percentage ionic bond character | ||||||||||||
| difference in electronegativity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 |
| 86% | 88% | 89% | 91% | 92% |
| percentage ionic bond character | ||||
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Atoms pack into regular structures called "crystals." Crystal arrangements can be described geometrically as versions of various "space lattices." This is a facinating area of science where chemistry and geometry meet, calling Plato's geometric theory of the four elements. More basic lattices occur in general minerology. These are the forms cited for cyrstals of the pure elements. The codes used in the table are the bold three letter abbreviations.
| Crystal Structure | ||
|---|---|---|
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Mass number A is given for natural isotopes. Mass number B (= Baryon number) is given for short lived or artificial isotopes. |
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As an element, "neutronium," neutrons only exist free in neutron stars. Otherwise they decay into, an electron (e-), a proton (p+)--a Hydrogen atom--and an anti-neutrino ( ).
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 The size of atoms and ions is an important element in both crystal structure and chemistry. Atoms or ions of the same size pack hexgonally, with either hexagonal or cubic close packing. When some atoms or ions are smaller than others, they may be surrounded by the larger atoms. As they get smaller, fewer surrounding atoms can come into contact with them. The "coordination" number thus gets smaller, and the geometrical shape of the arranged atoms changes.
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One consquence of such differences in size can be seen in the system of the mineral feldspar, the most common mineral in the crust of the earth and the moon. Feldspar is basically quartz (SiO2) where some Silicon atoms are replaced by Aluminum atoms. Since Aluminum ions will only have a +3 charge instead of the +4 charge of Silicon ions, the -2 Oxygen ions will result in a net surplus negative charge. This then atrracts positively charged ions. 
In Feldspar, these will be Potassium, Sodium, or Calcium. Since Potassium and Sodium are chemically similar and tend to form singly charged ions (K+ & Na+), while Calcium is chemically somewhat different and forms doubly charged ions (Ca+2), we might expect Potassium and Sodium feldspars to be chemically different from Calcium feldspar. However, this is not the case. 
Potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is relatively distinct as Orthoclase, while Sodium (NaAlSi3O8) and Calcium (CaAl2Si2O8) feldspars form the Plagioclase Series, where a smooth transition occurs from pure sodium to pure calcium, with similar cyrstal structure. The key to this peculiarity is the size of the ions. The Potassium ion is very large, at 1.33 Angstroms, while the Sodium and Calcium ions are not only smaller, but of similar size, 0.93 and 0.99 Angstroms, respectively. 
With the O-2 ion (dominant in the silicates like quartz and feldspar) at 1.40 Angstroms, Potassium ions will form cubic (8x) coordination, but Sodium and Calcium ions will form octohedral (6x) coordination. Silicon +4 ions themselves are only 0.39 Angstroms, and Aluminum +3 ions 0.51 Angstroms, both of which make for tetrahedral (4x) coordination with Oxygen.
The coordination of atom and ion sizes is thus another element in the geometry of chemistry and minerology.
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